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Archive for the ‘perception’ Category

According to the French philosopher, Gilles Deleuze, wrote that there are three ways to think. I know, you’re already wondering how you can think three ways with one brain! Well, you probably use the three ways all the time. In fact, Deleuze claimed it was important to know about the three ways so you could both see things more clearly and communicate more effectively. You’ve probably come across arguments where one person is saying “But what are the facts? Just give me the facts!” while another says “But what is your heart telling you here?” and a third wants to know “But what does this all mean?”. These three questions arise from three different ways of thinking and whilst they are all trying to get at THE TRUTH, they are all actually dealing with entirely different aspects of reality.

So here they are –

  1. Science – thinking about function. A scientific way of thinking takes a focus on how something works. Understanding how something works is very useful. It gives us the chance to try and make it work better, or at least to improve our experience by figuring out how the world works.
  2. Philosophy – thinking about concepts. Science uses concepts to design experiments and observational studies which will throw light on how the world works. Without the concepts though we wouldn’t know where to start. Many scientists unfortunately confuse concepts with facts, thinking that both are THE TRUTH which leads to closed minds and arrogance. This causes a kind of blindness – “my view is THE correct view, yours is WRONG”. We have to be able to think conceptually if we want to better understand our world.
  3. Art – thinking about percepts and affects. What do we perceive? And what feelings are associated with our perceptions? This is not about the how of perception or the how of feelings, it is about using conscious engagement with our perceptions and feelings to understand an aspect of reality which science and philosophy cannot achieve.

I really like this idea. When I meet a patient it’s important that I am aware of my perceptions and of the feelings that arise in me during a consultation. It’s important that I have a developing conception of illness and of health and it’s important for me to understand what isn’t functioning well in this person’s body-mind.

I also like this idea when it comes to teaching. We learn better when our learning experience engages our three different ways of thinking. We need education which shows us how things work, which teaches us to to conceptualise and which engages our feelings. Remember “Gradgrind” in Dickens’ Hard Times? His view of education was that children were empty vessels waiting to be filled with facts. Ring a bell? Oh, for more enlightened educators!

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Janssen LP have created goggles and a headset that give the wearer the experience of having hallucinations. There are two scenarios to choose from – riding on a bus where people appear and disappear randomly and birds of prey claw at the windows, and going to pharmacy where the pharmacist gives you poison instead of pills and other customers stare at you in disgust.

They’ve used these goggles to train social workers, policemen and others who might have to deal with mentally ill people and have apparently shown that after the training the workers understand mental illness better – learning through virtual empathy!

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We all experience the world differently. Think of the last time you shared an experience with a friend or loved one then talked about if afterwards. Think of, say, a journey, or movie, or a meal in a restaurant. If you both talk to a third person about that shared experience, chances are you will both tell about different parts of the experience and will have felt differently about. One of you will probably have noticed very different aspects of the journey, or the movie or meal, than the other one. This is because we all interact with a shared world of places, people, and phenomena, but we do it from our own, unique, subjective viewpoint. No two of us share an identical experience because no two of us is the same.
What influences these different ways of experiencing a shared journey, or movie, or meal? I read a blog post recently which began with the statement “You are what you pay attention to”. A variation of this idea was a huge billboard I saw in Tokyo – “You are what you buy” – ok, so it’s a similar idea! The point is that what we notice and therefore what affects us most is fundamental to the creation of our individual world views.
I think there are three major foci of attention. Not three separate, distinct, world views, but three dynamically changing “attractors” which create our experience of the world.

  • Body-objective. The physical, the shared, external reality. The world of objects, things, facts. The measurable world. You have an experience of who you are within a particular body. The size of that body, for example, profoundly affects how you see the world and how you see yourself in the world. Think of the amount of concern many people have with body shape for example.
  • Mind-subjective. What you experience is always personal. Nobody can really know or share your subjective experience. If you have a pain, nobody else can feel that pain. You can try to communicate it, and others can try to empathise (to imagine what it might be like to be you), but they can’t actually experience it. Our subjective experience involves our minds. Without a mind, there is no subjectivity. Yes, there are many bodily sensations but they are all experienced with the mind. You feelings, your sensations, your emotions, your memories and your imagination are all subjective. None of this is measurable.
  • Spirit-meaning. We are meaning-seeking, meaning-creating creatures. We continuously try to make sense of our daily lives. For some people, this is the most important aspect of life. It’s a focus on purpose, values, ideas and the reasons to live.

None of these world views is complete and none of them are superior to the others. All are equally valid. If we try to squeeze others into our own personal world view, we’ll find they don’t quite fit and communication will fail. To communicate with, to connect with, to touch another, we have to understand what kind of world they live in and to what extent we can share that world.
My final point is that life is a dynamic process. We move around these foci or “attractors” with different ones exerting different degrees of pull all the time. We can see our lives as constantly moving, continuously evolving and growing as we shift and shade our world views, developing richer experiences as we become more flexible and less fixed in one particular view.

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Harry Eyres’ column in the Weekend FT this weekend was about colour vs black and white photography. He was making the point that he had always preferred to work with black and white, but when he printed some old colour slides of his father’s he found the colour made the photographs much more emotional. This is an interesting observation and I think it happened for him because the slides were about family, specifically about his last holiday with his grandfather. Our visual memories always seem to be in colour, don’t they? So colour photos, personal colour photos, can much more powerfully reconnect us to strong, emotional memories.

I think colour memories also begin to produce largely subconscious general responses to particular colours. I read this article while waiting for a connecting flight to Edinburgh in Charles de Gaulle airport this morning. The amazing thing for me is that the particular colour photos Harry Eyres was writing about were taken around Tain and Dornoch, exactly where I spent a few days with friends at the end of the previous week. My friends are South African and commented on how the colours of the north of Scotland were so reminiscent of the colours of Africa for them – until we came across the gorse in bloom. That incredible yellow is utterly Scotland for me, especially next to blues and browns. Later in the year when the heather comes into bloom it’ll be the shades of purple which will do exactly the same for me.

So that got me thinking (surprised?)……

  1. If memories are usually in colour, why do many people say they don’t usually dream in colour? (I always dream in colour!)
  2. Which colours create which emotions for you? (I know that psychologists have ascertained common colour influences but what about your personal responses?)
  3. Yet again, I am struck by synchronicity. What are the chances that first of all, Harry Eyres would have been to that particular part of Scotland and the photos from that very holiday were the ones which stimulated him to write this particular piece? And secondly, what are the chances I would read it? (I don’t buy the FT, just happened to be one in the airport lounge). And, thirdly, what are the chances that I would have just taken photos in that very same part of the world mentioned in the article?

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The story so far……
I woke up on the morning of January 1st this year and this word popped into my head “storymapping”. I thought “what’s that?” The word came from a lot of thinking I’ve done about how we experience the world.
My basic premise is this……
We live in a real physical world – an objective shared three dimensional space – but we can only experience it subjectively. There’s no way for me to know how any other person experiences, say, the colour red, or the smell of coffee. But before I even get into thinking about relationships and how we communicate with others and understand each other, let me stay with the single person experiencing the world.
Let me start by saying that the phenomena of the real physical world impact on my sensory equipment. I can’t directly experience the phenomena of light or sound, but light waves or sound waves can impact on my eyes or ears and they translate these signals into electrical phenomena sent to my brain where they are somehow turned into what I “perceive” as red, or yellow, or hissing, or screaming, or whatever. I use my brain to make sense of this information, to interpret it so that I can react or not react to it. This is how I interact with the world. It’s how I find food, drink, shelter, how I connect to other people, cope with the weather…..everything.

Tools of perception and understanding
To make sense of the signals and stimuli I use a couple of really clever tools – maps and stories.
I make maps in my mind of the objective physical world. Maps contain information organised spatially and temporarily. Maps represent the shared space of physical reality. Maps, as the NLP practitioners say, are not the territory. They say that because we tend to get confused and think that the way we perceive things IS the way things are but it is isn’t, it’s only how we perceive things to be and that perception is not static. It is malleable. We can work with it, alter it, become actively involved in creating it. We can change the way we see things, change our focus, change what we give prominence to, change the feelings we have in association with certain perceptions. So maps are a useful way for making sense of the world and for acting in the world.
If I want to eat I need a map of locations for food and I need to orientate myself on that map to see where I am and figure out how to go get food. We use all kinds of maps all the time. In fact, we perceive everything through these maps. It’s almost as if they are filters between the external reality and internal subjective experience. This is all pretty much an unconscious process. We don’t need to think about our maps or make any big deal about it, but we CAN make them more conscious.
Maps help us to organise the mass of information that bombards us continuously – sights, sounds, smells and so on – and they do this by helping us to selectively notice some elements more than others.
The maps we use are created by ourselves but often on the templates, or bases of given maps. If we live life fairly unconsciously, by that I mean without a high level of awareness (a zombie way), then we are probably negotiating the world on through a largely given set of maps. We do still make every map our own however by factoring in our past experiences, preferences, qualities and so on.
This is an interesting question. It means that there is a creative component to every map we use, but we live on some kind of spectrum of passive/active or receptive/creative (zombie/hero) kinds. If we increase our awareness then we have an opportunity to increase the extent to which we can actively create the maps we use to perceive the world. In other words, we can change the way we perceive the world instead of just accepting how its been either given to us by others or how we’ve created a view of the world for ourselves from past experiences.

The second amazing tool we use is storytelling.
Stories are our way of making sense of our experience. We tell ourselves and others stories that help us to know what something means, to help us explain to ourselves and to others what we are experiencing. In fact, we even use stories to create a sense of self – this is who I am, this is how I came to be here, this is where I am going. Stories are the way I convey my subjective inner reality to another, or try to understand the subjective inner reality of another. They are also the way I work to achieve a better understanding of shared space, of external physical reality. I do this by seeing how my understanding fits with another’s understanding.

So what if we consciously combine map-making/map-reading with storytelling and create “storymapping”? Starting with our physical reality, the space and time in which we live, collecting information from our experiences as we move through that space, and marking this information on maps in a way that we note what that information means to us, how we make sense of it, in other words, by telling the stories of our experience and tagging them onto the map of the physical space we have travelled through over that period of time.

Well, I thought, I’ll try this out with my daily morning walk to the train station on my way to work. I actually did it by printing out a map of Stirling from google but since then I’ve discovered that google maps now lets you easily tag a map and add text – just the tools I needed! Here’s my example.

I think we could make all sorts of storymaps. Here are some I’m thinking of exploring so far –

The idea is that different maps can help us to understand different aspects of ourselves. We use multiple maps in our minds all the time. We can make these physical maps as an exercise in self-awareness, self-understanding so we can give ourselves an opportunity to more actively shape our lives the way we want to.
Here are some of the possible maps I’ve come up with so far.

Map of relationships
You need to choose the scales of maps for this exercise and to focus on a particular period. The period could be the present time, or you could chart it in real time by recording relationships over a defined period – day, week, month.
I suggest using different colours of pencil for each type of relationship – relatives, work colleagues, friends/social contacts, (for me also – patients and students)
What I mean by type of relationship is what’s the main nature of the current interactions you have with this person? Sometimes a person may be on your map largely as a work colleague, other times they might be largely there as a friend.
Who to put on the map? It’s always up to you but I suggest just the people you feel you are actively interacting with – in other words, not all your cousins and aunts and uncles but only the relatives who are “active” in your experience over the period under consideration.
Geotag them – by this I mean place a tag or flag or spot or something representing them on the map where they are when you interact with them. Each geotag needs a number which we’ll use later.
There are a number of other complexities you can add to this map – size of tag relating to importance to you of this person, or size of tag relating to the amount of time you are spending in interaction with this person…..whatever you think might be useful
The reference numbers of each geotag will be expanded with text around the map which is where you’ll write the stories which describe these interactions or what they mean to you or how they affected you.

Food map
Three colours – blue for where you buy the food, yellow for where it is prepared, red for where it is consumed.
Start with the red – where you eat – add the yellow if you eat where the food was prepared and add the blue if this is also where the food was purchased – so all three colours together represent eating out somewhere. If you’re not eating out draw lines from the red spot to where the food was prepared and also where it was bought (where the yellow and blue spots will be) – over a period of time this will show you your pattern of food gathering and consumption. Each red spot should be geotagged and referenced to a short story describing the situation of the meal and what it meant to you

Sensory map
Record for a period of time (say a day) the sensations you notice. This will obviously not be ALL the possible sensations, just record the ones that strike you, the ones you feel are “notable”. Sensations are visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory or kinesthetic. Note these as they occur to you using one of the following capture methods –
the video function of your cameraphone – making audio notes as you describe the sensation
the video function of a digital camera
write them on 3×5 index cards
write them into a pocket diary
Once you get to the end of the period of the exercise place the sensations on the relevant map geotagging them with index numbers to the storied descriptions/explanations.

Feelings map
As with the Sensory map but focussing instead on the feelings you notice

Attention map
As with the Sensory map but focussing instead on whatever catches your attention.

Activity map
As with the Sensory map but noting what you are doing over the period

What do you think? Any of these ideas appeal to you? If you do make any geostorymaps, please put the links into the comments to this post.

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basketball in street from the end of the street, originally uploaded by bobsee.

I do think its a good idea to carry a small camera everywhere. One thing taking a look at the world through a camera does is let you change your perspective. This is a great way to see things differently. Look at this photo taken as I stand at the end of the street.
This is a straight-legged photograph. How many photos do you take standing up with your legs straight?

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Phantoms in the Brain by Sandra Blakeslee and V.S. Ramachandran (ISBN 1-85702-895-3). Ramachandran is a specialist in brain research and I’ve both read some his previous writings and have often seen him referred to by other neuroscientists. His particular interest is in perception which he researches from a neurological perspective. The mechanisms of perception are much more complex than they seem. Take vision for instance. Many people have a vague idea that the way we see things is by light passing through the lenses of eyes, setting off some kind of impulses down the nerve fibres which connect to the backs of our eyes (the retina, which is made of of cells called rods and cones). These signals are then sent to brain, maybe you even know that they go to an area of the brain called the visual cortex. I guess many people who even know this much think of a kind of screen on the back of the brain where the images are projected, a bit like being at the cinema. It doesn’t take long however to figure out that this can’t be right. Who’s watching the screen? And how do “they” turn what they “see” into an image? No, it’s more complicated. In fact, creating an visual image involves some 30 distinct areas of the brain all working together! Ramachandran is great at explaining this kind of thing and in his book he covers not only vision, but all kinds of perception, discussing phantom limbs, memory, emotions and beliefs. He even has a chapter entitled “The Zombie in the Brain” about some of the automatic functions of the brain that go on below the level of conscious awareness.

There’s not much new in this book. If you’ve read works by Antonio Damasio (Looking for Spinoza, Descartes’ Error and The Feeling of What Happens) and Oliver Sacks (The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat, An Anthropologist on Mars, Awakenings) you’ll be familiar with most of the issues explained here. However, if you’ve never read anything about perception and the brain before this would be an easy and informative place to start.

One thing that really strikes me about these neuroscientists is how important individual experiences are to them. Ramachandran declares this at the outset. He says –

“More was learned about memory from a few days of studying a patient called H.M. than was gleaned from previous decades of research averaging data on many subjects.”

Individual case reports, case studies, real peoples’ stories, are dismissed by many scientists as anecdotes (and they never mean that as a compliment!), but in cutting the human uniqueness out of research conducted on groups of people and concentrating only on what is in common, on what the statistical averages show, learning is impeded. The “Evidence Based Medicine” movement (“EBM”) has created a whole hierarchy of evidence that tends to rate what is found in common (group trials and reviews of groups of group trials) much more highly than individual experiences of patients and their doctors. I understand that this method can throw some light on the usefulness of certain therapeutic interventions but unless we consider individual experiences our understanding will remain unnecessarily limited. Ramachandran points out that if I show you a talking pig, you’ll say “how amazing!”, you won’t say “Oh yes, show me more talking pigs then I’ll be interested!”

So that’s what I liked best about this book. It is scientific, easy to read, and based on the real experiences of real people. Individual human beings are completely fascinating and their stories are frequently utterly amazing. Phantoms in the Brain is full of amazing stories and after reading it you’ll never think about perception the same way again.

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Petrol on water, originally uploaded by bobsee.

A more conscious life is a more aware life. A great way to become more aware is to carry a digital camera – a small one – everywhere! It’s amazing what you’ll see when you know you have a camera with you. Look at the amazing colours and patterns of the oil on the water in this post hole in the road round the corner from the hotel where I stayed in Aix-en-Provence. The hotel was called “Aquabella” – beautiful water?

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